Anyone know of good Linux distros that are beginner-friendly, but aim to expose the user to and teach them about what makes Linux different from Windows, rather than paper over it in an attempt to be "familiar"? I could have sworn there was one with a built-in command line tutorial or something that I heard about a while back, but I forget what it was called.

This wouldn't be for me. It would be for someone who could easily contact me with questions if they need help.